Digital Device Use and Hand-Wrist Disorders: A Scoping Review.

The widespread use of smartphones and electronic devices has raised concerns about their impact on hand and wrist health. This scoping review synthesised current evidence on musculoskeletal and soft-tissue disorders associated with device use. Thirty-two studies were included, examining smartphones, computers and other digital tools. Smartphones were primarily linked to De Quervain's tenosynovitis and flexor pollicis longus tendinopathy, while computers and visual display units were associated with carpal tunnel syndrome and repetitive strain injuries. Key risk factors included repetitive thumb movements, prolonged static wrist postures and extended daily exposure. Biomechanical studies confirmed increased joint loading and muscle activity during intensive use. Preventive strategies - such as limiting usage time, improving ergonomics, alternating hands and incorporating regular breaks - showed potential benefits, particularly when combined with user education. Most included studies were cross-sectional, limiting causal inference and highlighting the need for longitudinal research.