Bionic multi-crosslinked polyelectrolyte hydrogel with in-situ generated nano calcium phytate from chicken eggshells for reinforced wet adhesion and efficient emergency hemostasis.

Wet wound adhesion and atraumatic peeling limit the clinical application of conventional hydrogels in trauma surgical wound. To overcome this, a biomineralized wet-adhesive hydrogel (QxAyCz) was successfully fabricated through electrostatic interactions and in-situ mineralization utilizing quaternized chitosan (QCS), sodium alginate (SA), phytic acid (PA), and calcium sources derived from chicken eggshells (CE). The electrostatic interactions between cationic QCS and negatively charged tissue surfaces, combined with multiple hydrogen bonds formed by polysaccharides and the polar groups of PA, facilitates the in-situ formation of nano calcium phytate, which enhances robust calcium coordination interactions. This results in a unique triple synergistic adhesion system that includes electrostatic interactions, hydrogen bonding, and dynamic coordination bonds, thereby achieving reliable wet adhesion and rapid hemostasis on bleeding moist wounds. Furthermore, the QxAyCz enables sustained and steady Ca2+ release, activating the physiological blood coagulation cascade and optimizing hemostatic efficiency, while also serving as biomineral stitching crosslinks to enhance the internal network cohesion and mechanical toughness of the QxAyCz. Notably, the QxAyCz realizes residue-free, and tear-free peeling after hemostasis and wound sealing are completed. In summary, this CE-biomineralized QxAyCz integrates superior wet adhesion, efficient hemostatic performance, and atraumatic removable properties, presenting a promising candidate for clinical moist wound hemostasis.