Frontiers in psychology · 2026
Parenting styles and smartphone dependence among college students: the serial mediating roles of self-control and gratitude.
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Li Xin, Chau Kien Tsong, Wan Yahaya Wan Ahmad Jaafar, Sun Xiaohui
Аннотация
BACKGROUND: Smartphone dependence among college students has become an increasingly important concern because of its associations with physical and mental health and academic functioning. Parenting styles, as a core component of the family microsystem, may exert enduring influences on psychological and behavioral development. However, the psychological mechanisms linking parenting styles to smartphone dependence remain insufficiently understood.
OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate the relationship between parenting styles and smartphone dependence among college students, and to examine the serial mediating roles of self-control and gratitude.
METHODS: A cross-sectional survey design was adopted, involving 776 Chinese college students. Measurements were conducted using the Parenting Styles Questionnaire, Smartphone Addiction Index, Self-Control Scale, and Gratitude Scale. Data were analyzed using SPSS 22.0 and the PROCESS macro for correlation analysis, regression analysis, and serial mediation effect testing.
RESULTS: Parental rejection and overprotection significantly positively predicted smartphone dependence, while the direct effect of emotional warmth was not significant. Both self-control and gratitude played significant mediating roles between parenting styles and smartphone dependence. A significant serial mediating effect was observed along the path "parenting styles influence self-control, which shapes gratitude and subsequently affects smartphone dependence," with effect sizes ranging between 2.3 and 2.4%.
CONCLUSION: Parenting styles were associated with college students' smartphone dependence through a serial pathway involving self-control and gratitude. Positive parenting dimensions were associated with stronger self-control and gratitude, whereas negative parenting dimensions were associated with weaker psychological resources and greater smartphone dependence. These findings provide a theoretical basis for future research and may inform family- and self-regulation-oriented interventions.
OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate the relationship between parenting styles and smartphone dependence among college students, and to examine the serial mediating roles of self-control and gratitude.
METHODS: A cross-sectional survey design was adopted, involving 776 Chinese college students. Measurements were conducted using the Parenting Styles Questionnaire, Smartphone Addiction Index, Self-Control Scale, and Gratitude Scale. Data were analyzed using SPSS 22.0 and the PROCESS macro for correlation analysis, regression analysis, and serial mediation effect testing.
RESULTS: Parental rejection and overprotection significantly positively predicted smartphone dependence, while the direct effect of emotional warmth was not significant. Both self-control and gratitude played significant mediating roles between parenting styles and smartphone dependence. A significant serial mediating effect was observed along the path "parenting styles influence self-control, which shapes gratitude and subsequently affects smartphone dependence," with effect sizes ranging between 2.3 and 2.4%.
CONCLUSION: Parenting styles were associated with college students' smartphone dependence through a serial pathway involving self-control and gratitude. Positive parenting dimensions were associated with stronger self-control and gratitude, whereas negative parenting dimensions were associated with weaker psychological resources and greater smartphone dependence. These findings provide a theoretical basis for future research and may inform family- and self-regulation-oriented interventions.