From Biomarkers to Better Outcomes: Precision Medicine in Modern Internal Medicine.

Internal medicine has traditionally focused on population-based approaches, utilizing diagnostic algorithms and treatment thresholds designed for the "average" patient. While beneficial, this one-size-fits-all model often leads to treatment failures. Precision medicine addresses this limitation by tailoring medical care to an individual's unique molecular, genetic, and clinical profile. Driven by advancements in multi-omics platforms, novel biomarkers, artificial intelligence (AI), and pharmacogenomics, precision medicine is transforming modern internal medicine from oncology into routine clinical practice. However, integrating these tools presents significant challenges, including high costs, lack of assay standardization, and the need for enhanced clinician literacy. Addressing these hurdles and ensuring equitable access are essential for translating biomarkers into better patient outcomes.