Quarantine-associated viral pathogens in non-human primates: pathobiology, diagnostic surveillance, control strategies, and one health implications.

Recent outbreaks of emerging infectious diseases, along with advances in neurological and other biomedical research, have increased the use of non-human primates (NHPs) as preclinical models. Their close phylogenetic and physiological similarities to humans make them valuable for translational research, especially during public health emergencies. However, NHPs can harbor a wide range of viral pathogens, some of which pose zoonotic risks and may compromise animal health and experimental reproducibility. Therefore, quarantine procedures, pathogen surveillance, and biosecurity programs are essential for the safe and reliable use of NHPs in research. Despite this need, comprehensive reviews linking national quarantine policies with the biological and epidemiological characteristics of major viral pathogens and their relevance to disease surveillance and control remain limited. This review compares national quarantine frameworks for NHPs, examines pathogen-specific features, and discusses their implications for quarantine and surveillance. We emphasize the need for an integrated, risk-based approach incorporating longitudinal microbiological monitoring, multimodal diagnostic assessment, facility-level response procedures, occupational health preparedness, and internationally harmonized quarantine standards.