International journal of analytical chemistry · 2026
The Analysis of Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) Chemical Composition by UPLC-Q-Exactive-Plus-Orbitrap-MS and GC-MS/MS.
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Wu Nier, Qi Junni, Jin XinXin, Sa Chula, Zhang Yan
Аннотация
BACKGROUND: Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) is widely used as a functional food and plays an important role in traditional medicine worldwide. However, a systematic analysis of its chemical components remains limited.
OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to comprehensively identify and analyze the chemical composition of both polar and nonpolar fractions of fennel, specifically its aqueous extracts and volatile oils.
METHODS: Polar metabolites, including phenolic acids, flavonoids, and coumarins, were profiled using ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole-Orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-Exactive-plus-Orbitrap-MS), while gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) was employed for the analysis of volatile constituents.
RESULTS: A total of 87 compounds were identified in the fennel aqueous extract, including 10 flavonoids, 11 phenolic acids, 3 coumarins, 1 stilbene, 14 alkaloids, 13 organic acids, 7 fatty acids, 10 amino acids, 6 nucleosides, 2 glycosides, 3 terpenoids, and 6 other components (containing 1 sugar alcohol). In addition, 13 compounds were identified in the fennel volatile oil using n-hexane and ethyl acetate as solvents, comprising 11 monoterpenes and 2 phenylpropanoids.
CONCLUSION: These findings expand our understanding of the chemical composition of fennel and provide a foundation for elucidating its pharmacodynamic properties.
OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to comprehensively identify and analyze the chemical composition of both polar and nonpolar fractions of fennel, specifically its aqueous extracts and volatile oils.
METHODS: Polar metabolites, including phenolic acids, flavonoids, and coumarins, were profiled using ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole-Orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-Exactive-plus-Orbitrap-MS), while gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) was employed for the analysis of volatile constituents.
RESULTS: A total of 87 compounds were identified in the fennel aqueous extract, including 10 flavonoids, 11 phenolic acids, 3 coumarins, 1 stilbene, 14 alkaloids, 13 organic acids, 7 fatty acids, 10 amino acids, 6 nucleosides, 2 glycosides, 3 terpenoids, and 6 other components (containing 1 sugar alcohol). In addition, 13 compounds were identified in the fennel volatile oil using n-hexane and ethyl acetate as solvents, comprising 11 monoterpenes and 2 phenylpropanoids.
CONCLUSION: These findings expand our understanding of the chemical composition of fennel and provide a foundation for elucidating its pharmacodynamic properties.