Quantifying hybrid electrochemical-biological CO₂ conversion systems.

Hybrid electro-biomanufacturing provides an attractive route for converting CO₂ into fuels and chemicals beyond the constraints of natural photosynthesis. However, achieving systems-level high productivity and efficiency while maintaining robust electro-biological (electrobio) operation remains a key challenge. This mini review quantitatively benchmarks electrobio system architectures by evaluating the kinetic and chemical compatibility between electrochemical CO₂ reduction and biological conversion to identify the key determinants of performance and scalability. We demonstrate that carbon intermediate compatibility is the primary requirement for successful integration, while production-consumption rate matching ultimately determines system efficiency and scale-up potential. Together, these insights establish electrobio compatibility as a critical yet underappreciated design principle for guiding the development of next-generation electrobio manufacturing platforms.