Pharmacological Individuality: The Twists and Turns of My Journey.

The intent of this review is a nearly chronicle tale of my life as a physician-scientist, recounting the events, fortuitous encounters, and sites that shaped my career. Intrigued as a clinician by the large individual variation in response to drug therapy, my research efforts centered on finding the causes for this individuality, including genetic, environmental, and other influences. The ultimate goal was to better predict drug responses in an individual patient and allow decisions on drug choice and drug dose to optimize the clinical outcomes of therapies. The results of my research have contributed to the emergence of pharmacogenomics, personalized medicine, and precision medicine.