Ocular Manifestations in Rheumatic Diseases.

Ocular involvement is common in systemic rheumatic diseases and may precede or reflect systemic activity, serving as an important diagnostic clue. Inflammation can affect any ocular structure, with presentations ranging from mild to vision-threatening. Early recognition is critical, as ocular findings can guide diagnosis and management. A systematic approach combining clinical evaluation, imaging, and laboratory testing is essential to identify disease-specific patterns. Advances in immunomodulatory and biologic therapies have improved outcomes. Optimal care requires a multidisciplinary approach, with close collaboration among ophthalmologists, rheumatologists, and other specialists to ensure accurate diagnosis, coordinated treatment, and preservation of visual function.