DRG meningeal tertiary lymphoid structures are regulated by B cells as a pronociceptive locus after peripheral nerve injury.

B cell-derived IgG in the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) drives neuropathic pain after peripheral nerve injury (PNI), but the site of B cell organization is unclear. Here, PNI induced leukocyte clusters in the DRG meninges, enveloped by lymphatic endothelium and apposed to high endothelial venules. These clusters resemble tertiary lymphoid structures (TLSs) with germinal center-like features, including germinal center B cells and plasma cells, and follicular dendritic and follicular helper T cells. Single-cell RNA sequencing revealed enrichment of germinal center B cells in the DRG meninges after PNI. Germinal center B cells regulate TLS organization: TLSs were absent after deletion of Ezh2 from germinal center-experienced B cells. Intrathecal CD20 monoclonal antibody to locally deplete B cells also disrupted TLS organization. Conversely, intrathecal B cell transfer to B cell-deficient (muMT) mice was sufficient for TLS organization after PNI. Allodynia did not develop when TLS organization was disordered. Similar TLSs formed in pig DRG after tail docking and in human donors with chronic pain, where B cell receptor clonotype analysis confirmed functional maturity. Together, these data establish that germinal center B cells are required for TLS organization, and that disrupting this process abolishes the development of neuropathic pain after PNI.