Circulation · 2026
Prominent V Waves Augment Right Ventricular Afterload Independent of the Lung Vessels in Heart Failure: Implications for Clinical Assessment of Pulmonary Vascular Disease.
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Chaikijurajai Thanat, Reddy Yogesh N V, Harada Tomonari, Naser Jwan A, Kazui Sho, Akashi Naoyuki, Okuno Takahiro, Ghanbari Fahime, Borlaug Barry A
Аннотация
BACKGROUND: Left atrial (LA) stiffening augments the LA V wave, pressurizing the pulmonary artery (PA) out of proportion to left ventricular end-diastolic pressure. We characterized the pathophysiologic, diagnostic, and clinical implications of LA stiffening, as defined by prominent V waves, in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction.
METHODS: In this retrospective cohort study, patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction and less than moderate mitral regurgitation at rest underwent invasive hemodynamic exercise testing. Patients with heightened operant LA stiffening were defined by the PA wedge pressure (PAWP) V wave exceeding mean PAWP by ≥10 mm Hg. A previously used formula for V wave-corrected PAWP was validated against the PAWP waveform pressure-time-area to explore impact of the V wave on transpulmonary pressure gradients. Clinical, echocardiographic, hemodynamic, and outcome data were compared for patients with and without prominent V waves.
RESULTS: Compared with patients without prominent V waves (n=844, 79%), those with prominent V waves (n=225, 21%) were older and more likely to be women, with more severe LA myopathy, evidenced by greater LA volume index (42.2±15.0 versus 32.5±13.0 mL/m2, P<0.001), lower LA reservoir strain (16.4±7.5% versus 23.2±8.3%, P<0.001), more atrial fibrillation (61.3% versus 22.9%, P<0.001), and increased operant LA reservoir stiffness (0.59±0.25 versus 0.23±0.24 mm Hg/mL, P<0.001). Patients with prominent V waves had markedly higher PA systolic pressure than those without (54±16 versus 38±12 mm Hg, P<0.001) despite no difference in end-diastolic PAWP-PA pressure gradient (3±5 versus 3±4 mm Hg, P=0.950). Incorporating the V wave into PAWP improved correlation between directly measured PAWP pressure-time integral compared with mid-A wave PAWP (R2=0.96 versus R2=0.86, P<0.001 for comparison). In patients with prominent V waves, the prevalence of combined pre- and postcapillary pulmonary hypertension decreased from 60.2% to 29.3% after V wave correction for the transpulmonary pressure gradients. Despite similar corrected pulmonary vascular resistances in patients with and without prominent V waves, apparent PA compliance was much lower in patients with prominent V waves (3.03±1.56 versus 4.90±2.27 mL/mm Hg, P<0.001), augmenting right ventricular afterload, and these changes were coupled with more severe right ventricular dysfunction, tricuspid regurgitation, blunted cardiopulmonary exercise reserve, and increased risk of hospitalization for heart failure or death in patients with versus without prominent V waves (adjusted hazard ratio, 2.09 [95% CI, 1.53-2.86]; P<0.001).
CONCLUSIONS: More than 1 in 5 patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction display prominent V waves in excess of end-diastolic PAWP. This augments right ventricular afterload due to backward transmission of the V wave, contributing to right heart failure that is independent of the pulmonary vasculature. Failure to account for the V wave during hemodynamic assessment overestimates the severity of pulmonary vascular disease present.
METHODS: In this retrospective cohort study, patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction and less than moderate mitral regurgitation at rest underwent invasive hemodynamic exercise testing. Patients with heightened operant LA stiffening were defined by the PA wedge pressure (PAWP) V wave exceeding mean PAWP by ≥10 mm Hg. A previously used formula for V wave-corrected PAWP was validated against the PAWP waveform pressure-time-area to explore impact of the V wave on transpulmonary pressure gradients. Clinical, echocardiographic, hemodynamic, and outcome data were compared for patients with and without prominent V waves.
RESULTS: Compared with patients without prominent V waves (n=844, 79%), those with prominent V waves (n=225, 21%) were older and more likely to be women, with more severe LA myopathy, evidenced by greater LA volume index (42.2±15.0 versus 32.5±13.0 mL/m2, P<0.001), lower LA reservoir strain (16.4±7.5% versus 23.2±8.3%, P<0.001), more atrial fibrillation (61.3% versus 22.9%, P<0.001), and increased operant LA reservoir stiffness (0.59±0.25 versus 0.23±0.24 mm Hg/mL, P<0.001). Patients with prominent V waves had markedly higher PA systolic pressure than those without (54±16 versus 38±12 mm Hg, P<0.001) despite no difference in end-diastolic PAWP-PA pressure gradient (3±5 versus 3±4 mm Hg, P=0.950). Incorporating the V wave into PAWP improved correlation between directly measured PAWP pressure-time integral compared with mid-A wave PAWP (R2=0.96 versus R2=0.86, P<0.001 for comparison). In patients with prominent V waves, the prevalence of combined pre- and postcapillary pulmonary hypertension decreased from 60.2% to 29.3% after V wave correction for the transpulmonary pressure gradients. Despite similar corrected pulmonary vascular resistances in patients with and without prominent V waves, apparent PA compliance was much lower in patients with prominent V waves (3.03±1.56 versus 4.90±2.27 mL/mm Hg, P<0.001), augmenting right ventricular afterload, and these changes were coupled with more severe right ventricular dysfunction, tricuspid regurgitation, blunted cardiopulmonary exercise reserve, and increased risk of hospitalization for heart failure or death in patients with versus without prominent V waves (adjusted hazard ratio, 2.09 [95% CI, 1.53-2.86]; P<0.001).
CONCLUSIONS: More than 1 in 5 patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction display prominent V waves in excess of end-diastolic PAWP. This augments right ventricular afterload due to backward transmission of the V wave, contributing to right heart failure that is independent of the pulmonary vasculature. Failure to account for the V wave during hemodynamic assessment overestimates the severity of pulmonary vascular disease present.