Neutrophil Extracellular Trap-Mimetic DNA Nets Enable Concurrent Bacteria-Targeted Eradication and Toxin Neutralization.

Current antibacterial therapies often suffer from limited bacterial selectivity, host-cell toxicity, and inflammation triggered by toxin release during bacterial killing. Here, we report a neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs)-mimetic, dopamine-incorporated DNA net, termed DANet-DA, enabling targeted bacterial eradication and concurrent toxin neutralization. Inspired by the trap-kill-neutralize function of NETs, DANet-DA selectively captures and traps bacteria, followed by in situ catalytic formation of polydopamine nanoshells on the trapped bacteria. This process enables efficient photothermal bacterial eradication while minimizing damage to host cells. Meanwhile, the nanoshells act as molecular sponges to sequester and neutralize bacterial toxins, thereby mitigating toxin-associated inflammation. These integrated functions endow DANet-DA with potent therapeutic efficacy in vivo, as demonstrated by markedly reduced bacterial burdens, toxin levels, tissue inflammation in both conventional and burn wound infection models. Moreover, the simultaneous clearance of bacteria and residual toxins alleviates pro-inflammatory macrophage polarization, thereby accelerating wound tissue regeneration. This work presents a NETs-mimetic antibacterial strategy that integrates pathogen clearance with toxin neutralization, offering a promising method for treating bacterial infection-associated diseases.