Nanotechnology-Enabled Delivery of trans-Resveratrol, Quercetin, and Curcumin for Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes.

Obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus, as chronic metabolic diseases, contribute to increased global morbidity and mortality. The long-term effectiveness of current approaches, such as lifestyle changes, medications, and surgery, is often limited by poor adherence, side effects, cost, etc. Dietary polyphenols, including trans-resveratrol, quercetin, and curcumin, have shown potential because of their health benefits. However, their clinical use is restricted by low solubility, poor stability, low bioavailability, and limited target specificity. Biocompatible and biodegradable delivery systems, such as liposomes, emulsions, solid lipid nanoparticles, nanostructured lipid carriers, micelles, and polymeric nanoparticles, have emerged as useful tools to overcome these limitations. This review summarizes advances over the past decade in the use of polyphenol-loaded nanoparticles for the treatment of obesity and experimental diabetes, and discusses their potential relevance to type 2 diabetes. It also reviews the reported metabolic outcomes and underlying mechanisms, including inflammation, oxidative stress, adipose tissue remodeling, glucose homeostasis, etc. Finally, this review discusses current challenges and future directions for translating these nanotechnologies from research to practical use.