Artificial cells as adaptive supramolecular soft materials: from self-assembly to emergent functionalities.

Artificial cells have emerged as powerful platforms for reconstructing and understanding the structural and functional principles of living cells. This review provides an overview of recent advances in engineering artificial cytoskeletons using biological and artificial molecular components and discusses how these fibrous architectures enable structural organization and functional regulation of artificial cells. In addition, current challenges and future perspectives toward increasingly life-like artificial cells are highlighted.