Dental traumatology : official publication of International Association for Dental Traumatology · 2026
Awareness and Educational Effectiveness of the ToothSOS Mobile Application for Traumatic Dental Injuries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
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Aykanat Berkehan, Ayhan Muhammed, Özyürek Hande, Ayaz Bilal
Аннотация
BACKGROUND/AIM: ToothSOS is a free International Association of Dental Traumatology application giving guideline-based first-aid instructions for traumatic dental injuries; no synthesis specific to it exists. This review assessed awareness of the application, its educational effectiveness and its reported quality and utilisation.
MATERIAL AND METHODS: PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and Google Scholar, with supplementary sources, were searched on 5 August 2026 without language or date restrictions. Studies addressing any of these were eligible. With one conflict-of-interest exception, screening, extraction and appraisal were independent and in duplicate, using Joanna Briggs Institute checklists and a review-specific appraisal. Awareness was pooled using a binomial-normal generalised linear mixed model with a prespecified subgroup analysis by population type. Certainty was assessed with the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation approach.
RESULTS: Twenty-one studies were included. Fourteen awareness studies included 4576 participants; eight were conducted in Türkiye. Awareness was 27.1% (95% confidence interval 13.4-47.1) among dental professionals and students, 3.1% (1.0-8.8) among non-dental health professionals and students and 1.6% (0.6-4.1) among lay populations. Pooled across all populations it was 5.0% (1.8-13.1), with substantial heterogeneity (I2 = 96.5%) and a prediction interval of 0.1%-79.2%; this summarises the included samples rather than any global population. Three uncontrolled studies (298 participants) reported immediate knowledge gains too heterogeneous to pool; at 1 month their pooled standardised mean change was 2.33 (1.48-3.18). Certainty was very low for awareness and educational outcomes.
CONCLUSIONS: Awareness was particularly low in non-dental health and lay samples. Population and geographic heterogeneity limit generalisation. Short-term knowledge gains do not establish sustained learning or improved management of actual injuries, and application-quality findings rest on an unvalidated review-specific appraisal. These findings support evaluating targeted dissemination and longer-term clinical outcomes.
TRIAL REGISTRATION: PROSPERO; submitted 28 July 2026 and formally registered 9 August 2026, after the searches.
MATERIAL AND METHODS: PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and Google Scholar, with supplementary sources, were searched on 5 August 2026 without language or date restrictions. Studies addressing any of these were eligible. With one conflict-of-interest exception, screening, extraction and appraisal were independent and in duplicate, using Joanna Briggs Institute checklists and a review-specific appraisal. Awareness was pooled using a binomial-normal generalised linear mixed model with a prespecified subgroup analysis by population type. Certainty was assessed with the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation approach.
RESULTS: Twenty-one studies were included. Fourteen awareness studies included 4576 participants; eight were conducted in Türkiye. Awareness was 27.1% (95% confidence interval 13.4-47.1) among dental professionals and students, 3.1% (1.0-8.8) among non-dental health professionals and students and 1.6% (0.6-4.1) among lay populations. Pooled across all populations it was 5.0% (1.8-13.1), with substantial heterogeneity (I2 = 96.5%) and a prediction interval of 0.1%-79.2%; this summarises the included samples rather than any global population. Three uncontrolled studies (298 participants) reported immediate knowledge gains too heterogeneous to pool; at 1 month their pooled standardised mean change was 2.33 (1.48-3.18). Certainty was very low for awareness and educational outcomes.
CONCLUSIONS: Awareness was particularly low in non-dental health and lay samples. Population and geographic heterogeneity limit generalisation. Short-term knowledge gains do not establish sustained learning or improved management of actual injuries, and application-quality findings rest on an unvalidated review-specific appraisal. These findings support evaluating targeted dissemination and longer-term clinical outcomes.
TRIAL REGISTRATION: PROSPERO; submitted 28 July 2026 and formally registered 9 August 2026, after the searches.