Phytopharmacological and Functional Insights Into the Bioactive Compounds of Grape (Vitis vinifera L.): An Integrated Review of In Vitro, In Vivo, and Clinical Studies.

Grapes (Vitis vinifera L.) are abundant in polyphenols, flavonoids, and other bioactive constituents. They exhibit a wide range of health-promoting properties, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, cardioprotective, antidiabetic, and skin anti-aging effects. We review and summarize the phytopharmacological and functional effects of grape-derived compounds. This review includes in vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies. The search combined the terms "V. vinifera" OR "grape" with keywords related to traditional uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacological activities. Peer-reviewed English-language studies published between 2000 and 2025 reporting ethnobotanical uses, phytochemical composition, or pharmacological effects were included. The findings were synthesized qualitatively. This review showed that grape seed and red grape extracts inhibited the growth of MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. Leaf and seed extracts reduced blood glucose in diabetic models, with antioxidant activity IC50 values ranging from 35-41 µg/mL. Biogenic carbon quantum dots derived from V. vinifera enhanced glucose uptake and inhibited α-glucosidase and α-amylase. In hypertensive rats, systolic blood pressure decreased from greater than 200 mmHg to less than 150 mmHg. Resveratrol-enriched grape seed oil improved adipose tissue function, enhanced glucose tolerance, and reduced inflammatory markers. Future research should prioritize standardized extracts, optimized dosing strategies, and robust clinical trials to validate their translational potential.