Exploring the broader social value outcomes reported in economic evaluations of vaccination programmes across the life course: A scoping review.

BACKGROUND

Conventional economic evaluations typically focus on direct healthcare costs and quality-adjusted life years (QALYs), potentially underestimating the full value of vaccination.

OBJECTIVE

This scoping review aimed to identify the broader outcomes captured in economic analyses of vaccination programmes.

METHODS

A scoping review was conducted to explore the broader social, economic, and environmental values reported in economic analysis studies of vaccination programmes and strategies. Peer-reviewed and grey literature were systematically searched, and relevant studies were synthesised.

RESULTS

A total of 8442 records were retrieved, with 171 articles included following full-text screening. Five categories of broader-value outcomes were identified, including short- and long-term productivity impacts, sequelae-related outcomes (e.g., long-term care needs), out-of-pocket expenses, and other wider economic and societal impacts.

CONCLUSIONS

Economic evaluations of immunisation programmes continue to underrepresent the full multidimensional value of vaccination, with limited incorporation of broader social, economic, and life-course impacts. Expanding the inclusion of these outcomes will strengthen the evidence base and support more informed, holistic decision-making for immunisation investment.