Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Parkinson's Disease: Diagnostic and Therapeutic Advances.

Parkinson's Disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder in which mitochondrial dysfunction plays a central role in pathogenesis. This review summarizes key mitochondrial abnormalities involved in PD, including respiratory chain impairment, dysregulation of mitochondrial dynamics, defective mitophagy, and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) damage. It further examines how these processes interact with α-synuclein (α-syn) pathology, contributing to increased vulnerability of dopaminergic neurons. In addition, current diagnostic approaches are transitioning from isolated biomarkers to an integrated Mitochondrial Health Index (MHI) for improved early detection. Finally, a critical appraisal of therapeutic interventions is presented, emphasizing the shift from monotherapies to multifaceted combination strategies. This review delineates a strategy for transformative PD therapies.