Expert review of vaccines · 2026
Virus-like particle vaccines: from antigen architecture to antigen presentation and adaptive immune responses.
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Zhang Zihan, Zheng Huiwen, Liu Longding
Аннотация
INTRODUCTION: Virus-like particles (VLPs) mimic key structural features of native viruses while lacking a replication-competent viral genome, combining favorable safety with multivalent antigen presentation and strong immunogenicity. Yet, how VLP design influences the quality and persistence of adaptive immunity remains incompletely understood.
AREAS COVERED: This review examines relevant literature identified through targeted searches on recent advances in VLP engineering, with emphasis on particle architecture, antigen-display strategies, and structural determinants of immune recognition. We discuss how VLPs facilitate antigen presentation by antigen-presenting cells and shape CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell responses, immune memory, and T follicular helper cell-B-cell interactions within germinal centers. Emerging approaches linking VLP design with humoral and cellular immunity are also considered.
EXPERT OPINION: The next generation of VLP vaccines will require a transition from empirical enhancement of immunogenicity toward precision engineering of immune responses. A major challenge is to establish robust and transferable structure-immunity relationships while addressing manufacturing feasibility, quality control, potency assessment, and product comparability. Advances in computational protein design, structural biology, and high-dimensional immune profiling are expected to enable increasingly quantitative and mechanism-based optimization of VLP platforms. However, fully predictive control over human immune responses will remain a complex challenge.
AREAS COVERED: This review examines relevant literature identified through targeted searches on recent advances in VLP engineering, with emphasis on particle architecture, antigen-display strategies, and structural determinants of immune recognition. We discuss how VLPs facilitate antigen presentation by antigen-presenting cells and shape CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell responses, immune memory, and T follicular helper cell-B-cell interactions within germinal centers. Emerging approaches linking VLP design with humoral and cellular immunity are also considered.
EXPERT OPINION: The next generation of VLP vaccines will require a transition from empirical enhancement of immunogenicity toward precision engineering of immune responses. A major challenge is to establish robust and transferable structure-immunity relationships while addressing manufacturing feasibility, quality control, potency assessment, and product comparability. Advances in computational protein design, structural biology, and high-dimensional immune profiling are expected to enable increasingly quantitative and mechanism-based optimization of VLP platforms. However, fully predictive control over human immune responses will remain a complex challenge.