Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987) · 2026
Pesticide and Transformation Product Occurrence and Ecological Risks in Irrigation Water of an Intensive Floriculture Region in Ecuador: Targeted and Non-Target Suspect Screening Analyses (2022-2025).
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Zambrano-Romero A, Pfaff M, LeFevre G H, Kohls S W, Suarez-Torres J, Suarez-Lopez J R, Ochoa-Herrera V, Kayser G L
Аннотация
BACKGROUND: Irrigation water can transport pesticides into aquatic environments, threatening ecosystem and human health. Despite these risks, irrigation water quality remains poorly studied and non-regulated in Latin America, and in floricultural regions, revealing a critical monitoring and research gap.
METHODS: Between 2022 and 2025, irrigation water, post-harvest facility (PHF) water, river water, and groundwater samples were collected throughout Pedro Moncayo, Ecuador, a pesticide intensive floricultural region. Samples were taken along two irrigation channels from their source in Cayambe Volcano, through a floricultural region, and at the rivers where the channels flow. Targeted analysis (TA) of neonicotinoid insecticides (NNIs) and atrazine, and non-target suspect screening analysis (NTA) for a broad spectrum of pesticides (herbicides, insecticides, and fungicides) and related compounds was conducted, followed by screening-level ecological risk assessment for aquatic organisms.
FINDINGS: TA of 56 samples revealed widespread NNI contamination, with imidacloprid detected most frequently, reaching up to 612 ng/L, occurring in 40/56 (71%) of irrigation samples, increasing over time, and strongly associated with rainfall. PHF (n=2) were identified as potential point sources of pesticide pollution, while rivers (n=5) showed spatially variable contamination and groundwater exhibited repeated occurrence of imidacloprid in a residential groundwater well. NTA identified 65 pesticide-compounds, and fungicides were the most frequently detected. Ecotoxicological assessments indicated high risk to aquatic invertebrates, particularly from NNI imidacloprid and thiacloprid.
CONCLUSIONS: Intensive floriculture in Ecuador has resulted in widespread pesticide contamination of irrigation, surface water, and groundwater, underscoring the need for improved post-harvest management, targeted mitigation strategies, and region-specific regulations to protect tropical freshwater ecosystems and human health.
METHODS: Between 2022 and 2025, irrigation water, post-harvest facility (PHF) water, river water, and groundwater samples were collected throughout Pedro Moncayo, Ecuador, a pesticide intensive floricultural region. Samples were taken along two irrigation channels from their source in Cayambe Volcano, through a floricultural region, and at the rivers where the channels flow. Targeted analysis (TA) of neonicotinoid insecticides (NNIs) and atrazine, and non-target suspect screening analysis (NTA) for a broad spectrum of pesticides (herbicides, insecticides, and fungicides) and related compounds was conducted, followed by screening-level ecological risk assessment for aquatic organisms.
FINDINGS: TA of 56 samples revealed widespread NNI contamination, with imidacloprid detected most frequently, reaching up to 612 ng/L, occurring in 40/56 (71%) of irrigation samples, increasing over time, and strongly associated with rainfall. PHF (n=2) were identified as potential point sources of pesticide pollution, while rivers (n=5) showed spatially variable contamination and groundwater exhibited repeated occurrence of imidacloprid in a residential groundwater well. NTA identified 65 pesticide-compounds, and fungicides were the most frequently detected. Ecotoxicological assessments indicated high risk to aquatic invertebrates, particularly from NNI imidacloprid and thiacloprid.
CONCLUSIONS: Intensive floriculture in Ecuador has resulted in widespread pesticide contamination of irrigation, surface water, and groundwater, underscoring the need for improved post-harvest management, targeted mitigation strategies, and region-specific regulations to protect tropical freshwater ecosystems and human health.