Resolving singularities in gravitational and electrostatic interactions through spatial quantization.

Classical physics assumes continuous spacetime, leading to infinities in forces (e.g., Newtonian gravity, electrostatic force) at zero distance or relativistic energy for objects with non-zero mass at the speed of light. In quantum mechanics, energy is quantized, and the theory differs from classical determinism by replacing trajectories with probabilistic wavefunctions. We propose a foundational framework based on the premise that space itself is composed of indivisible fundamental units ("cosmic elements"), which eliminates infinities by discretizing physical interactions. Space quantization ensures finite gravitational and electrostatic forces at zero separation and predicts a non-zero photon rest mass below existing experimental limits. The quantization of space provides a fundamental explanation for energy discreteness and offers a potential framework to unify classical and quantum mechanics: Discrete space replaces continuity, eliminating singularities; the essence of forces lies in quantized particle exchanges, thereby avoiding infinite forces at zero distance; relativistic infinities are resolved by the minimal length of cosmic element; classical and quantum mechanics ultimately describe the same discrete reality at different scales.