A Life-Course Conceptual Model of Stigma in Adults With Tourette Syndrome: Implications for Nursing Science.

A qualitative study of 34 adults with Tourette syndrome explored how stigma operates across interpersonal and structural contexts to shape psychosocial outcomes. Interviews revealed 4 interrelated processes: (1) developmental origins of stigma and identity formation, (2) anticipated and internalized stigma in adult relationships, (3) structural stigma and occupational vulnerability, and (4) adaptive coping, concealment, and social withdrawal. Symptom visibility amplified stigma across contexts, reinforced by misconceptions and media portrayals. Findings highlight the life-course impact of Tourette syndrome stigma and provide a foundation for stigma-informed, nurse-led interventions addressing both psychosocial and structural dimensions of care.