Optimization of removal of indigo carmine dye by silver-iron oxide bimetallic nanoparticles through response surface methodology modelling: experimental and theoretical mechanistic insights.

This study describes the easy synthesis and application of silver-iron oxide bimetallic nanoparticles (AgFe BNPs) for the removal of organic dye "Indigo Carmine" (IC) from the aqueous solution. To investigate this potential, we used the rose petals extract during the aqueous phase to create bimetallic Ag-Fe nanoparticles. It also describes the structural, morphological, elemental composition, vibrational, and optical characterization of synthesised AgFe BNPs. To identify the ideal circumstances for IC dye removal, several variables influencing dye adsorption were examined, including the impact of adsorbent mass, contact time, pH, initial IC concentration, and temperatures through the Response Surface Methodology (RSM) method. The highest removal percentage (% R) under ideal circumstances was 92.21%. Additionally, the pseudo-second-order kinetic model was used to fit the adsorption kinetic results. The Langmuir adsorption isotherm was in line with the composites including in the case of the adsorption isotherms. There have been reports on the parameters of enthalpy, and entropy, and free energy. The random distribution of dye molecules on the iron oxide nanoparticles adsorbent and the exothermic character of dye removal were both demonstrated by thermodynamic data. Computational studies show that, electrostatic interactions between the dye molecules and adsorbent surface functional groups dominated the adsorption process characteristics. The findings indicated that AgFe BNPs could be a viable, affordable, and environmentally friendly adsorbent for industrial effluent containing dyes. This green synthesis method shows promise in treating water pollution by removing organic contaminants while minimizing the use of dangerous chemicals and utilizing plant extract's natural bioactive qualities.