Frontiers in sports and active living · 2026
Women's participation in the Paralympic Games (1960-2024): a longitudinal and bibliometric analysis of global trends and scientific production.
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De Donato Renato, Milanese Chiara, Lorenzet Nicole, Schena Federico, Cavedon Valentina
Аннотация
BACKGROUND: Women's participation in the Paralympic Games has expanded over time, yet this growth has been non-linear and uneven across regions, disciplines, and editions. At the same time, scientific research on women in Paralympic and parasports contexts remains limited and geographically concentrated. Studies that provide a comprehensive, long-term, sex-disaggregated reconstruction of participation across both Summer and Winter editions, together with an examination of its relationship to the geography of scientific production, are scarce.
METHODS: This study reconstructs sex-disaggregated participation in the Summer Paralympic Games (1960-2024) and Winter Paralympic Games (1976-2022) using official data provided by the International Paralympic Committee (IPC), harmonized with National Paralympic Committee data. Longitudinal trends and cross-national patterns are examined through descriptive and comparative analyses. Exploratory non-parametric analyses were used to assess longitudinal trends and macro-regional differences in demographic-normalized participation. As a complementary component, a systematic search of the Web of Science Core Collection (completed 31 October 2025) identified 71 relevant publications, which were analyzed using bibliometric techniques.
RESULTS: Women's participation in the Summer Paralympics follows a non-linear trajectory, reaching near parity at Paris 2024 (44.4%), whereas participation in the Winter Games remains consistently lower, with only modest long-term growth and no comparable movement toward parity (18%-25%). Two study-specific descriptive indicators, i.e., the Weighted Equity Index and the Normalized Female Participation Index, were used to summarize cross-national differences in internal delegation balance and demographic-normalized participation intensity. The bibliometric analysis documents a small but expanding body of literature that is geographically concentrated.
CONCLUSION: These findings suggest a persistent misalignment between the increasing presence of women in the Paralympic Games and the comparatively limited and uneven development of scientific research on this population. The study provides a comprehensive longitudinal mapping of women's participation and offers an empirical basis for future research and policy aimed at improving equity in Paralympic sports.
METHODS: This study reconstructs sex-disaggregated participation in the Summer Paralympic Games (1960-2024) and Winter Paralympic Games (1976-2022) using official data provided by the International Paralympic Committee (IPC), harmonized with National Paralympic Committee data. Longitudinal trends and cross-national patterns are examined through descriptive and comparative analyses. Exploratory non-parametric analyses were used to assess longitudinal trends and macro-regional differences in demographic-normalized participation. As a complementary component, a systematic search of the Web of Science Core Collection (completed 31 October 2025) identified 71 relevant publications, which were analyzed using bibliometric techniques.
RESULTS: Women's participation in the Summer Paralympics follows a non-linear trajectory, reaching near parity at Paris 2024 (44.4%), whereas participation in the Winter Games remains consistently lower, with only modest long-term growth and no comparable movement toward parity (18%-25%). Two study-specific descriptive indicators, i.e., the Weighted Equity Index and the Normalized Female Participation Index, were used to summarize cross-national differences in internal delegation balance and demographic-normalized participation intensity. The bibliometric analysis documents a small but expanding body of literature that is geographically concentrated.
CONCLUSION: These findings suggest a persistent misalignment between the increasing presence of women in the Paralympic Games and the comparatively limited and uneven development of scientific research on this population. The study provides a comprehensive longitudinal mapping of women's participation and offers an empirical basis for future research and policy aimed at improving equity in Paralympic sports.