Fabrication of MIL-88B(Co/Fe)/Ti3C2Tx nanocomposite for the vortex-assisted dispersive micro-solid phase extraction of Cu(II), Cd(II), and Pb(II) in edible grains and wastewater via flame atomic absorption spectrometry.

A novel MIL-88B(Co/Fe)/Ti3C2Tx nanocomposite was developed as an efficient sorbent for the vortex-assisted micro-solid phase extraction (VA-μ-SPE) of ultra-trace Cu(II), Cd(II), and Pb(II) prior to flame atomic absorption spectrometric (FAAS) determination. The composite sorbent was prepared by separately producing the porous bimetallic MIL-88B(Co/Fe) framework and the Ti-Mxene component, followed by their solution-assisted assembly under continuous stirring. The structural, functional, morphological, elemental, and thermal properties of the resulting material were examined using XRD, FT-IR, SEM-EDX, and TGA. the method achieved a preconcentration factor of 45, enhancement factors of 44.2, and limits of detection of 0.33, 0.80, and 1.40 μg L-1 for Cd(II), Cu(II), and Pb(II), respectively. The method was successfully validated using certified reference materials. The proposed VA-μ-SPE method offers a rapid, sensitive, and environmentally friendly approach for monitoring trace analytes in food and environmental matrices.