Journal of exposure science & environmental epidemiology · 2026
Development and application of a sensitive method for urinary biomonitoring of microcystin-LR: association with semen quality in adult men.
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Fu Yu, Wu Hao, Liu Xiaodong, Yang Jun, Wan Feng, Meng Ruiyang, Chen Yishu, Liang Xiao, Chen Xinghai, Losiewicz Michael D, Ge Kangfeng, Guo Haibin, Du Xingde, Zhang Huizhen
Аннотация
BACKGROUND: Microcystin-LR (MC-LR) is a cyanobacterial toxin that can impair male reproductive function. However, epidemiological investigations of human MC-LR exposure have been limited due to the lack of sensitive and reliable biomonitoring methods.
OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to develop and validate a sensitive method for urinary biomonitoring of MC-LR and to investigate the association between urinary MC-LR exposure and semen quality in adult men.
METHODS: A sensitive analytical method was developed and validated for the determination of MC-LR in human urine. The validated method was subsequently applied in a study of 633 men recruited from a reproductive hospital. Associations between urinary MC-LR concentrations and semen quality parameters were evaluated using multivariable linear regression models adjusted for urine creatinine, age, BMI, alcohol consumption, and smoking status.
RESULTS: The developed method achieved a limit of detection of 0.001 μg/L, which was lower than those reported in previous studies. MC-LR was detected in 447 of 633 urine samples, with a median concentration of 0.03 μg/L. Higher urinary MC-LR concentrations were associated with decreased semen volume, sperm concentration, and total sperm count, and with increased sperm tail abnormalities (all Ptrend < 0.05). Compared with the lowest exposure quartile, participants in the highest quartile showed significantly reduced semen volume, sperm concentration, and total sperm count, while those in the third and fourth exposure quartiles had increased rates of sperm tail abnormalities (P < 0.05).
SIGNIFICANCE: This study developed and validated a highly sensitive method for quantifying urinary MC-LR and successfully applied it in a large human population study. The findings provide novel epidemiological evidence linking environmental MC-LR exposure with impaired semen quality and support urinary MC-LR as a biomarker for human exposure assessment and reproductive risk evaluation.
IMPACT STATEMENT: This study addresses a key challenge in human biomonitoring of MC-LR by developing a highly sensitive urinary analytical method with enhanced detection sensitivity. Application of the method in a large population of adult men revealed widespread exposure to MC-LR and significant associations between urinary MC-LR concentrations and reduced semen quality. The study advances exposure assessment of cyanobacterial toxins and provides epidemiological evidence supporting concerns about the reproductive health impacts of environmental MC-LR exposure.
OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to develop and validate a sensitive method for urinary biomonitoring of MC-LR and to investigate the association between urinary MC-LR exposure and semen quality in adult men.
METHODS: A sensitive analytical method was developed and validated for the determination of MC-LR in human urine. The validated method was subsequently applied in a study of 633 men recruited from a reproductive hospital. Associations between urinary MC-LR concentrations and semen quality parameters were evaluated using multivariable linear regression models adjusted for urine creatinine, age, BMI, alcohol consumption, and smoking status.
RESULTS: The developed method achieved a limit of detection of 0.001 μg/L, which was lower than those reported in previous studies. MC-LR was detected in 447 of 633 urine samples, with a median concentration of 0.03 μg/L. Higher urinary MC-LR concentrations were associated with decreased semen volume, sperm concentration, and total sperm count, and with increased sperm tail abnormalities (all Ptrend < 0.05). Compared with the lowest exposure quartile, participants in the highest quartile showed significantly reduced semen volume, sperm concentration, and total sperm count, while those in the third and fourth exposure quartiles had increased rates of sperm tail abnormalities (P < 0.05).
SIGNIFICANCE: This study developed and validated a highly sensitive method for quantifying urinary MC-LR and successfully applied it in a large human population study. The findings provide novel epidemiological evidence linking environmental MC-LR exposure with impaired semen quality and support urinary MC-LR as a biomarker for human exposure assessment and reproductive risk evaluation.
IMPACT STATEMENT: This study addresses a key challenge in human biomonitoring of MC-LR by developing a highly sensitive urinary analytical method with enhanced detection sensitivity. Application of the method in a large population of adult men revealed widespread exposure to MC-LR and significant associations between urinary MC-LR concentrations and reduced semen quality. The study advances exposure assessment of cyanobacterial toxins and provides epidemiological evidence supporting concerns about the reproductive health impacts of environmental MC-LR exposure.