Strategic Prevention of Occupational and Toxicological Risks in Moroccan Traditional Tanneries: From Risk Assessment to Operational Health and Safety Planning.

The artisanal sector is a part of Morocco's second-largest employment and represents a major socioeconomic activity. However, it remains a major source of occupational exposure and environmental contamination, where preventive systems and regulatory enforcement are often insufficient. This study represents the fourth phase of a comprehensive research program on artisanal tanneries in Fez, based on the identification of hazards, the assessment of health effects, and the elaboration of initial preventive recommendations. Using reference data collected between 2017 and 2019, we assessed the current status of the implementation of workplace safety measures in 2025 through a contextual and operational analysis of workplace practices. Persistent improvements were observed in personal protective equipment use, hygiene conditions, and access to medical surveillance. Tannery workers frequently reported dermatological, respiratory, urinary, and musculoskeletal disorders, reflecting the need for regular medical monitoring of occupational exposure. An integrated strategic prevention plan is proposed, combining engineering controls, safer chemical management, worker training, and enhanced health surveillance. This framework provides a progressive model for improving occupational health and safety in artisanal tanneries, in line with the One Health approach.