Anti-Hyperglycaemic, Hepatoprotective, and Nephroprotective Effects of Wrightia tinctoria Seeds and Enterococcus ratti in Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Mice.

Diabetes mellitus (DM), a chronic metabolic disease that leads to damage to multiple organ systems, needs to be investigated in natural ways. The present experiment was performed to determine the anti-hyperglycaemic, nephroprotective and hepatoprotective potential of the methanolic extract of Wrightia tinctoria (W. tinctoria) seeds, and Enterococcus ratti (E. ratti), in alloxan-induced hyperglycaemic mice (150 mg/kg body weight). W. tinctoria and E. ratti were screened out from different locally medicinally important plants and bacterial strains by different in vitro tests. W. tinctoria seeds showed α-amylase inhibition through the starch-iodine test (88.64% at 100 mg/mL), inhibition of glycosylation of haemoglobin (88.34% at 3.56 mg/mL), and an inhibitory effect on glucose uptake by yeast cells (91.62% at 500 µg/mL). Among various bacterial strains used for in vitro screening, E. ratti exhibited the most effective glucose adsorption capacity (26.2% at colony-forming unit (CFU) 1011). High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and Fourier-transformed infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy analyses provided preliminary information on the phytochemical composition of the extract. In vivo administration of W. tinctoria (200, 400 mg/kg body weight), E. ratti (60 µL at a CFU 1011) alone and their combination produced significant dose-dependent improvements in treatment groups, with the combination demonstrating enhanced efficacy compared to individual treatments. Future research should focus on detailed mechanisms underlying these protective effects using transcriptomic and proteomic approaches and developing standardized formulation strategies for translation into clinical applications.