Advanced biomaterial technologies for neural regeneration in central nervous system diseases: mechanisms and applications.

Effective repair of central nervous system (CNS) injuries remains highly challenging due to several formidable barriers, including severe structural disruption, hostile microenvironments, and limited intrinsic regenerative capacity. In response, biomaterials incorporated with therapeutic agents provide advanced interventional strategies for neural regeneration. This review systematically summarizes recent progress in biomaterial-based CNS repair, focusing on three core strategies: physical remodeling of the neural structure, targeted drug delivery systems for biochemical regulation, and cellular intervention. Furthermore, we critically analyze the manufacturing and regulatory bottlenecks currently impeding clinical translation. Finally, we propose the integration of neural organoids and brain-computer interface (BCI) technologies as a promising trajectory for next-generation intelligent neural repair materials.