Long-Term Bonding Performance of New Universal Adhesives and Resin Cements.

Adhesive dentistry is an essential part of daily clinical practice, and the evolution of adhesive systems and resin cements has been driven by a quest for simplicity, efficiency, and long-term clinical reliability.1 Universal adhesives and resin cements now dominate the market. They are designed to work with multiple etching techniques and bond effectively to various dental materials and tooth substrates, optimizing adhesive protocols.2,3 However, it is important to define what makes a system "universal" and critically evaluate whether these newer systems deliver durable long-term bond strengths, which should ultimately guide material selection.