[Expert insights on clinical application of immunotherapy for type 1 diabetes mellitus (2026 edition)].

Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is a chronic disease characterized by progressive autoimmune-mediated destruction of pancreatic beta cells. With the establishment of the three-stage classification system for T1DM and the advancement of early screening, disease-modifying therapies (DMT), represented by immunotherapy, are driving a shift in clinical management from "insulin replacement" to "etiological intervention". This guidance statement was jointly developed by adult and pediatric endocrinology experts and is intended for clinical endocrinologists engaged in the diagnosis and management of T1DM. The guidance systematically reviews the immune pathogenesis of T1DM, disease staging, and the mechanisms of action and development progress of five categories of immunotherapeutic agents. It further elaborates on the eligible patient populations, pre-treatment assessment, dosing regimens, adverse event management, and follow-up strategies for teplizumab in patients with stage 2 T1DM. This insight aims to provide clinicians with standardized references for the application of DMT and immunotherapy in clinical practice, promote precision medicine, and improve patient outcomes.