Modulation of gp130 Cytokine Receptor Family by Herpes Simplex Virus 1 as a Strategy for Immune Evasion.

UNLABELLED: HSV-1 is a neurotropic human pathogen that establishes lifelong latency in sensory neurons. Periodic reactivation causes mucocutaneous lesions and, in some cases, severe corneal and neurological disease. While HSV-1 utilizes numerous viral proteins to extensively reprogram host signaling pathways and evade antiviral responses, how it alters host cytokine receptor networks remains poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that HSV-1 infection selectively downmodulates multiple members of the gp130 (glycoprotein 130) cytokine receptor family, including gp130, Oncostatin M receptor β (OSMR-β), and leukemia inhibitory factor receptor (LIFR), while sparing IL-6Ra and CNTFRa (Ciliary Neurotrophic Factor Receptor). Because gp130 is the central signaling component of the IL-6 cytokine family and mediates JAK/STAT3 activation, its elimination likely represents a viral strategy to suppress inflammatory and antiviral signaling. Consistent with this, HSV-1 does not induce IL-6 mRNA expression in productively infected cells, suggesting coordinated inhibition of both cytokine production and receptor availability. Mechanistically, we found that the viral RNase VHS is at least partially responsible for gp130 family receptor downmodulation, likely in combination with virus-induced endocytosis/degradation pathways. Functionally, activation of gp130 signaling significantly impairs HSV-1 infection, demonstrating that suppression of antiviral cytokine responses is critical for virus replication. Finally, we determined that CNTF causes reactivation of latent HSV-1 using the LUHMES in vitro latency model, illustrating CNTFRa signaling contribution to latency and reactivation. A similar effect has been reported for IL-6. Together, these findings reveal a previously unrecognized immune evasion mechanism by which HSV-1 remodels gp130 cytokine signaling to promote infection.

IMPORTANCE: Successful infection requires HSV-1 to overcome innate immunity that would otherwise restrict viral replication and spread. However, how the virus alters cytokine receptor signaling at the cell surface remains poorly understood. The gp130 family of cytokine receptors represents an important signaling network that governs immunity. These receptors mediate responses to IL-6 family cytokines and regulate antiviral defense, inflammation, cell survival, and neuronal function. Because individual gp130 family receptors can initiate distinct responses, understanding how HSV-1 alters these receptors is important for defining how the virus reshapes host cytokine networks. Here, we report that HSV-1 downmodulates specific gp130 family members to evade host antiviral and inflammatory signaling. However, CNTFRa, a receptor vital to neuronal function is preserved. Characterizing this distinct layer of HSV-1 immune evasion broadens our understanding of virus-host interactions and highlights novel signaling pathways that can be targeted to maximize host antiviral defenses.