Journal of medical physics · 2026
FLUKA Monte Carlo-based Evaluation of Linear Energy Transfer Distributions for Monoenergetic Therapeutic Carbon-ion Beams in Water.
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Chattaraj Arghya, Selvam T Palani, Shrivastava Vandana
Аннотация
BACKGROUND: This study aims to calculate the distribution of linear energy transfer (LET) and its moments such as fluence-averaged LET (LET f ) and dose-averaged LET (LET d ) as a function of on-axis depth in water for monoenergetic carbon-ion beams with energies ranging from 80 to 480 MeV/u.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: Depth-dose profiles, LET distributions, LET f , and LET d are calculated as a function of on-axis depth in a 40 cm × 40 cm × 40 cm unit-density liquid water phantom using the FLUKA Monte Carlo code, fully incorporating the contributions of primary ions and all secondary charged fragments.
RESULTS: Results show that both LET f and LET d increase with depth and reach a maximum near the Bragg peak region, followed by a rapid fall-off in the distal region as the fluence of heavy ion fragments decreases. Higher beam energies result in deeper LET peaks and more pronounced fragmentation tails in the depth-dose profiles. In the Bragg peak region, depending on beam energy, the LET f and LET d values are in the range of 11.7-106.4 keV/mm and 210.7-384.6 keV/mm, respectively.
CONCLUSION: Overall, the results provide a comprehensive characterization of physical and radiobiological parameters for monoenergetic carbon-ion beams in the therapeutic energy range, essential for benchmarking LET-based RBE models, improving treatment plan robustness, and optimizing biological dose delivery in carbon-ion radiotherapy.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: Depth-dose profiles, LET distributions, LET f , and LET d are calculated as a function of on-axis depth in a 40 cm × 40 cm × 40 cm unit-density liquid water phantom using the FLUKA Monte Carlo code, fully incorporating the contributions of primary ions and all secondary charged fragments.
RESULTS: Results show that both LET f and LET d increase with depth and reach a maximum near the Bragg peak region, followed by a rapid fall-off in the distal region as the fluence of heavy ion fragments decreases. Higher beam energies result in deeper LET peaks and more pronounced fragmentation tails in the depth-dose profiles. In the Bragg peak region, depending on beam energy, the LET f and LET d values are in the range of 11.7-106.4 keV/mm and 210.7-384.6 keV/mm, respectively.
CONCLUSION: Overall, the results provide a comprehensive characterization of physical and radiobiological parameters for monoenergetic carbon-ion beams in the therapeutic energy range, essential for benchmarking LET-based RBE models, improving treatment plan robustness, and optimizing biological dose delivery in carbon-ion radiotherapy.