Human erythroid models of sickle cell disease.

Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a group of severe inherited red blood cell disorders causing a major global healthcare burden. Despite recent advances in gene therapy and stem cell transplantation, treatment options remain very limited, highlighting the urgent need for the development of new therapeutic approaches. Human erythroid model systems of SCD represent emerging tools for the discovery of disease-modifying strategies through drug screening and mechanistic studies. This review describes the range of models available, including patient-derived red blood cells, hematopoietic stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells, and immortalized cell lines, and summarizes their relative advantages and disadvantages, as well as potential integration with more complex integrated co-culture and organoid models. Overall, these cellular systems represent an expanding toolkit available to SCD researchers with the potential to reduce reliance on the use of animal models.