Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026
Two Family Gradients in Children's Physical Activity and Fitness: Socioeconomic Position, Family Structure, and Where They Diverge.
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Zhang Yanfeng, Pan Xiang, Gao Yibo, Hu Haixia
Аннотация
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Family circumstances are related to children's physical activity and fitness, yet the two are rarely examined together in the same children. We examined how socioeconomic position and family structure (only-child status) relate to domain-specific reported activity and measured fitness. Socioeconomic position was the mean of maternal and paternal educational attainment, with higher values indicating higher attainment.
METHODS: We designed and conducted a cross-sectional survey of 8228 children in grades 1 to 9 from 27 schools. The questionnaire covered the preceding six months in three domains: physical education class, in-school extracurricular activity and out-of-school exercise. Weekly frequency, duration and intensity were reported for each and summed to weekly moderate-to-vigorous activity (MVPA). Fitness comprised 10 device-measured indicators and, in primary grades, a 5-item motor battery. Linear and logistic models used school fixed effects and school-clustered standard errors, with Benjamini-Hochberg correction.
RESULTS: Median reported weekly MVPA was 300 min; 26.3% of the 7533 children with computable MVPA met the 60 min-per-day guideline. Socioeconomic position was associated with reported MVPA (0.077 SD, 95% CI 0.032 to 0.122) and with meeting the guideline (odds ratio 1.21, 95% CI 1.07 to 1.37). The association appeared in out-of-school exercise but not in physical education class, a contrast of 0.064 SD (95% CI 0.024 to 0.104). Socioeconomic position was also associated with lower handgrip strength (-0.044 SD, 95% CI -0.064 to -0.024) and with more sit-ups in primary grades. Only children showed no clear difference in reported activity in any domain, yet they had lower composite fitness (-0.102 SD, 95% CI -0.142 to -0.061), which remained after adjustment for reported MVPA.
CONCLUSIONS: The socioeconomic gradient in reported activity was concentrated outside the physical education class; family structure was associated with measured fitness without a matching difference in reported activity.
METHODS: We designed and conducted a cross-sectional survey of 8228 children in grades 1 to 9 from 27 schools. The questionnaire covered the preceding six months in three domains: physical education class, in-school extracurricular activity and out-of-school exercise. Weekly frequency, duration and intensity were reported for each and summed to weekly moderate-to-vigorous activity (MVPA). Fitness comprised 10 device-measured indicators and, in primary grades, a 5-item motor battery. Linear and logistic models used school fixed effects and school-clustered standard errors, with Benjamini-Hochberg correction.
RESULTS: Median reported weekly MVPA was 300 min; 26.3% of the 7533 children with computable MVPA met the 60 min-per-day guideline. Socioeconomic position was associated with reported MVPA (0.077 SD, 95% CI 0.032 to 0.122) and with meeting the guideline (odds ratio 1.21, 95% CI 1.07 to 1.37). The association appeared in out-of-school exercise but not in physical education class, a contrast of 0.064 SD (95% CI 0.024 to 0.104). Socioeconomic position was also associated with lower handgrip strength (-0.044 SD, 95% CI -0.064 to -0.024) and with more sit-ups in primary grades. Only children showed no clear difference in reported activity in any domain, yet they had lower composite fitness (-0.102 SD, 95% CI -0.142 to -0.061), which remained after adjustment for reported MVPA.
CONCLUSIONS: The socioeconomic gradient in reported activity was concentrated outside the physical education class; family structure was associated with measured fitness without a matching difference in reported activity.