Advances in light-addressable potentiometric sensors: A review of structures and materials, detection mechanisms, systems, and multi-scenario applications.

Light-addressable potentiometric sensor (LAPS) technology has emerged as a promising approach for biochemical reaction monitoring owing to its distinctive advantages, including label-free detection, non-invasive operation, and real-time visualization. This paper begins by introducing the working principle and basic structure of LAPS, and then systematically summarizes recent advances in improving its key performance metrics, particularly detection sensitivity and spatiotemporal resolution, from three perspectives: device structures and materials, detection mechanisms, and detection systems. Furthermore, representative applications of LAPS in biochemical detection are comprehensively reviewed. Finally, the limitations and future perspectives for the development of LAPS are discussed.