Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026
Beyond Screen Time: A Scoping Review of Screen Exposure and Early Childhood Development.
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Alghadier Mshari, Elnaggar Ragab K, Ghandurah Abdulaziz, Alhisony Nouf
Аннотация
BACKGROUND: Screen exposure in early childhood has evolved beyond traditional duration-focused "screen time" to encompass a multidimensional construct including content quality, context of use, co-viewing, caregiver mediation, and developmental trajectories. Understanding these dimensions is essential for comprehensive assessment, particularly in rapidly digitizing cultural contexts such as Saudi Arabia and the broader Middle East.
OBJECTIVES: This scoping review aimed to systematically map and synthesize peer-reviewed evidence on multidimensional screen exposure and developmental outcomes in children aged 0-5 years, with specific focus on language, cognitive, and socio-emotional outcomes.
METHODS: This scoping review followed PRISMA-ScR guidelines. Systematic searches were performed in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar (2016-2026). Inclusion criteria were primary empirical studies (randomized trials and observational designs), children aged 0-5 years (up to 72 months, provided primary exposure was assessed within the 0-5-year window), quantitative screen exposure measurement, and validated developmental outcome assessment. Data were extracted and synthesized narratively across the developmental domains.
RESULTS: Twenty-seven studies demonstrated that content quality, context of use, and caregiver behavior (including co-viewing and active guidance of screen use) consistently modified the strength of associations between screen exposure and early developmental outcomes. Language development was the most extensively studied domain; co-viewing emerged as a key protective factor, and longitudinal trajectory analyses identified heterogeneous exposure patterns with differing developmental implications across cognitive, socio-emotional, and physical domains.
CONCLUSIONS: Screen exposure in early childhood is a multidimensional phenomenon requiring assessment tools that capture content, context, co-use, and caregiver mediation alongside duration. Findings highlight the need for culturally adapted measurement instruments in the Saudi Arabian context to support evidence-based early childhood practice and align with Vision 2030 objectives.
OBJECTIVES: This scoping review aimed to systematically map and synthesize peer-reviewed evidence on multidimensional screen exposure and developmental outcomes in children aged 0-5 years, with specific focus on language, cognitive, and socio-emotional outcomes.
METHODS: This scoping review followed PRISMA-ScR guidelines. Systematic searches were performed in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar (2016-2026). Inclusion criteria were primary empirical studies (randomized trials and observational designs), children aged 0-5 years (up to 72 months, provided primary exposure was assessed within the 0-5-year window), quantitative screen exposure measurement, and validated developmental outcome assessment. Data were extracted and synthesized narratively across the developmental domains.
RESULTS: Twenty-seven studies demonstrated that content quality, context of use, and caregiver behavior (including co-viewing and active guidance of screen use) consistently modified the strength of associations between screen exposure and early developmental outcomes. Language development was the most extensively studied domain; co-viewing emerged as a key protective factor, and longitudinal trajectory analyses identified heterogeneous exposure patterns with differing developmental implications across cognitive, socio-emotional, and physical domains.
CONCLUSIONS: Screen exposure in early childhood is a multidimensional phenomenon requiring assessment tools that capture content, context, co-use, and caregiver mediation alongside duration. Findings highlight the need for culturally adapted measurement instruments in the Saudi Arabian context to support evidence-based early childhood practice and align with Vision 2030 objectives.