Modes of action and emerging strategies in next-generation fungicide development against phytopathogenic fungi.

Plant fungal diseases impose significant annual reductions of global crop yield and quality. Despite advances in our understanding of the etiology and molecular mechanisms of plant-fungus interactions, effective management of fungal diseases remains challenging due to climate-driven shifts in pathogen populations, the emergence of fungicide-resistant strains, globalization in agricultural supply chains, and postharvest vulnerabilities. To address these challenges, research in plant pathology has leveraged state-of-the-art technologies, with the development of novel fungicides serving as a major step forward in crop protection. This review highlights advances in fungicide development against pathogenic fungi, with an emphasis on the modes of action and regulatory mechanisms of commercial active ingredients that reflect current trends in efforts to secure global food resources. Furthermore, emerging technologies and innovative approaches for developing next-generation fungicides are discussed. By leveraging mechanistic insights and applied innovations, future research can be guided to enable the rational design of fungicides to mitigate both current and emerging agricultural challenges.