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Войти в исследования Journal of travel medicine · 2026
Prevalence of respiratory viruses among pilgrims in Saudi Arabia during the Hajj 2026: a cross-sectional study.
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Alshahrani Najim Z, Albeshry Abdulrahman M, Awan Zuhier, Rashid Harunor
Аннотация
BACKGROUND: Hajj is one of the world's largest annual mass gatherings and provides favorable conditions for respiratory virus transmission because of intense crowding and extensive international travel. Contemporary post-pandemic molecular surveillance data remain limited. This study investigated the prevalence, determinants, and characteristics of respiratory virus detections among pilgrims during the 2026 Hajj season.
METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted among adult domestic and international pilgrims over an extended peri-Hajj period (before, during and after Hajj) in the year 2026. Participants completed a structured questionnaire and provided combined nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal swab specimens for multiplex real-time RT-PCR detection of common respiratory viruses. A subset of positive samples underwent genomic sequencing for viral subtype and variant characterization. Logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with laboratory-confirmed respiratory viral infection.
RESULTS: Among 412 enrolled pilgrims across all three phases, 58 (14.1%) tested positive for at least one respiratory virus. The prevalence of viral detection was 6.7% pre-Hajj, 16.0% during Hajj and 21.4% post-Hajj. Influenza A was the predominant virus (34.5%), followed by rhinovirus (24.1%), SARS-CoV-2 (20.7%), respiratory syncytial virus (13.8%), adenovirus (5.2%), and seasonal human coronaviruses (1.7%). Diabetes mellitus, chronic lung disease and smoking were independently associated with increased odds of respiratory virus detection. Conversely, receipt of pre-travel health advice, influenza vaccination and regular facemask use were independently associated with reduced odds of respiratory virus detection.
CONCLUSIONS: Respiratory virus transmission remains an important public health concern during Hajj. Strengthening pre-travel health advice, promoting influenza vaccination, and reinforcing personal preventive measures may reduce respiratory viral transmission during Hajj and other international mass gatherings.
METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted among adult domestic and international pilgrims over an extended peri-Hajj period (before, during and after Hajj) in the year 2026. Participants completed a structured questionnaire and provided combined nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal swab specimens for multiplex real-time RT-PCR detection of common respiratory viruses. A subset of positive samples underwent genomic sequencing for viral subtype and variant characterization. Logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with laboratory-confirmed respiratory viral infection.
RESULTS: Among 412 enrolled pilgrims across all three phases, 58 (14.1%) tested positive for at least one respiratory virus. The prevalence of viral detection was 6.7% pre-Hajj, 16.0% during Hajj and 21.4% post-Hajj. Influenza A was the predominant virus (34.5%), followed by rhinovirus (24.1%), SARS-CoV-2 (20.7%), respiratory syncytial virus (13.8%), adenovirus (5.2%), and seasonal human coronaviruses (1.7%). Diabetes mellitus, chronic lung disease and smoking were independently associated with increased odds of respiratory virus detection. Conversely, receipt of pre-travel health advice, influenza vaccination and regular facemask use were independently associated with reduced odds of respiratory virus detection.
CONCLUSIONS: Respiratory virus transmission remains an important public health concern during Hajj. Strengthening pre-travel health advice, promoting influenza vaccination, and reinforcing personal preventive measures may reduce respiratory viral transmission during Hajj and other international mass gatherings.