Cancer treatment and research communications · 2026
Clinical response rates and adverse events associated with therapeutic tumor vaccines in lymphoma: A systematic review.
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Ghasemi Alireza, Ghasemi Mohammadreza, Heidari Mohammadreza, Hoseinzadeh Saghar, Salavatipour Maryam Samareh, Tavakoli Shirin, Tavoosi Shima, Baghsheikhi Amir Hossein, Ahmadvand Mohammad, Rahnama Mahshid Akhavan
Аннотация
OBJECTIVES: This study aims to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy and safety of tumor vaccine therapy in patients suffering from Hodgkin (HL) and Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (NHL).
METHODS: a systematic search was done in PUBMED, WOS, Embase and Scopus in order to identify relevant studies from their inception to February 8th, 2026. At first, title and abstract of retrieved records were checked for eligibility and then, a full-text evaluations were conducted. Then relevant data were extracted from eligible studies. Risk of Bias of Included studies were assessed using Cochrane ROB-2 and ROBINS-I tool. Proportions were estimated using the metaprop function of the R meta package with logit transformation and back-transformation for presentation. Because of substantial clinical and methodological heterogeneity, results were not pooled; instead, individual study estimates with 95% confidence intervals were presented in forest plots for qualitative comparison.
RESULTS: Across studies of non-Hodgkin lymphoma, objective response rates varied from 6% to 44%, with complete response rates ranging from 0% to 28% and partial response rates from 6% to 29%. Response estimates varied across treatment-naïve, relapsed/refractory, and mixed-treatment populations, without a consistent pattern according to previous treatment status; most studies evaluated patients with active disease and predominantly indolent NHL. Grade 3-5 adverse events ranged from 0% to 19%, with no severe events reported in most studies, although treatment strategies and concomitant therapies differed substantially across cohorts. Only one study evaluated Hodgkin lymphoma, reporting an ORR of 66.7% (2/3), consisting entirely of partial responses, with no grade 3-5 adverse events. Given the marked clinical and methodological heterogeneity, findings were synthesized descriptively without pooled effect estimates.
CONCLUSION: Therapeutic tumor vaccines showed variable but measurable antitumor activity in NHL, with generally low rates of grade 3-5 adverse events across most studies. However, substantial clinical and methodological heterogeneity, small sample sizes, non-randomized designs, and highly limited evidence in HL prevent firm conclusions regarding efficacy or comparative effectiveness. Stronger comparative evidence from multicenter cohorts and registries with longitudinal follow-up, appropriate control groups, and propensity-score methods is needed to clarify vaccine-associated clinical responses and identify settings suitable for subsequent randomized evaluation.
METHODS: a systematic search was done in PUBMED, WOS, Embase and Scopus in order to identify relevant studies from their inception to February 8th, 2026. At first, title and abstract of retrieved records were checked for eligibility and then, a full-text evaluations were conducted. Then relevant data were extracted from eligible studies. Risk of Bias of Included studies were assessed using Cochrane ROB-2 and ROBINS-I tool. Proportions were estimated using the metaprop function of the R meta package with logit transformation and back-transformation for presentation. Because of substantial clinical and methodological heterogeneity, results were not pooled; instead, individual study estimates with 95% confidence intervals were presented in forest plots for qualitative comparison.
RESULTS: Across studies of non-Hodgkin lymphoma, objective response rates varied from 6% to 44%, with complete response rates ranging from 0% to 28% and partial response rates from 6% to 29%. Response estimates varied across treatment-naïve, relapsed/refractory, and mixed-treatment populations, without a consistent pattern according to previous treatment status; most studies evaluated patients with active disease and predominantly indolent NHL. Grade 3-5 adverse events ranged from 0% to 19%, with no severe events reported in most studies, although treatment strategies and concomitant therapies differed substantially across cohorts. Only one study evaluated Hodgkin lymphoma, reporting an ORR of 66.7% (2/3), consisting entirely of partial responses, with no grade 3-5 adverse events. Given the marked clinical and methodological heterogeneity, findings were synthesized descriptively without pooled effect estimates.
CONCLUSION: Therapeutic tumor vaccines showed variable but measurable antitumor activity in NHL, with generally low rates of grade 3-5 adverse events across most studies. However, substantial clinical and methodological heterogeneity, small sample sizes, non-randomized designs, and highly limited evidence in HL prevent firm conclusions regarding efficacy or comparative effectiveness. Stronger comparative evidence from multicenter cohorts and registries with longitudinal follow-up, appropriate control groups, and propensity-score methods is needed to clarify vaccine-associated clinical responses and identify settings suitable for subsequent randomized evaluation.