A Review of the Molecular Evidence for Near-Infrared Light in Astrocyte-Mediated Neurorehabilitation.

Near-infrared (NIR) light represents a promising, noninvasive therapeutic for neurological disorders, predicated on its capacity to modulate astrocyte function. As the primary glial population in the central nervous system, astrocytes are indispensable for maintaining neuronal homeostasis, regulating glutamate metabolism, and supporting metabolic energetics. This review synthesizes recent advancements in NIR-driven neurorehabilitation, elucidating the molecular signaling cascades and transduction pathways activated within the astrocytic network. We specifically examine translational applications across preclinical and clinical models of stroke, Alzheimer's disease, epilepsy, and psychiatric disorders. Furthermore, we evaluate how the integration of optogenetic tools and nanomaterials has refined NIR therapies, establishing a foundation for high-precision neurology. Given the rising demand for nonsurgical interventions, this review provides a timely framework for the next generation of photobiomodulation and neural modulation strategies.