Periapical Granuloma: A Case Report.

A periapical granuloma is a fleshy mass of tissue invaded by varied numbers of chronic inflammatory cells, namely, epitheloid cells (modified tissue macrophages), mast cells, lymphocytes, and plasma cells, usually attached to the apex of a nonvital carious tooth as a sequelae of periapical infection from the diseased pulp. The growth of periapical granulomas develops in spurts amidst recurrent acute exacerbations. Periapical granulomas may form as the initial periapical pathosis or as a result of a quiescent periapical abscess. These lesions might not always be static. Radiographic changes are absent in the early phases of the disease. We reviewed the numerous immunological expressions, inflammatory mediators that endorse periapical granuloma progression, and prognostic markers.