Archives of gynecology and obstetrics · 2026
Gestational age-specific nomograms for fetal eyeball depth and intraocular measurements using 3-D ultrasound.
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Odeh Marwan, Nasra Rasha, Leibovitz Zvi, Bakry Hasan, Lowenstein Lior, Sgayer Inshirah
Аннотация
PURPOSE: To establish gestational age-specific nomograms for fetal eyeball anteroposterior (AP) diameter and intraocular measurements (lens AP diameter, vitreous body AP diameter).
METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted and included singleton pregnancies without prenatal or postnatal structural abnormalities. Three-dimensional ultrasound volumes of the fetal face acquired between 12 and 41 weeks' gestation were analyzed using multiplanar reformatting to obtain a standardized axial orbital plane. Right and left eyeball, lens, and vitreous body AP diameters were measured. Gestational age-specific reference ranges were generated using percentile distributions. Quadratic regression was used to assess associations with gestational age and biparietal diameter.
RESULTS: Of 608 volumes screened, 588 were included. Complete assessment of all parameters was available in 577 (98.1%). All ocular and intraocular measurements increased with gestational age (all p < 0.001). Quadratic regression demonstrated associations between gestational age and eyeball AP diameter (right R2 = 0.80; left R2 = 0.79), lens AP diameter (right R2 = 0.44; left R2 = 0.42), and vitreous body AP diameter (right R2 = 0.80; left R2 = 0.81). Similar associations were observed with biparietal diameter (all p < 0.001). Gestational age-specific nomograms and percentile tables are presented.
CONCLUSIONS: Gestational age-specific nomograms for fetal eyeball depth and intraocular measurements are provided and may support objective prenatal assessment of fetal ocular growth.
METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted and included singleton pregnancies without prenatal or postnatal structural abnormalities. Three-dimensional ultrasound volumes of the fetal face acquired between 12 and 41 weeks' gestation were analyzed using multiplanar reformatting to obtain a standardized axial orbital plane. Right and left eyeball, lens, and vitreous body AP diameters were measured. Gestational age-specific reference ranges were generated using percentile distributions. Quadratic regression was used to assess associations with gestational age and biparietal diameter.
RESULTS: Of 608 volumes screened, 588 were included. Complete assessment of all parameters was available in 577 (98.1%). All ocular and intraocular measurements increased with gestational age (all p < 0.001). Quadratic regression demonstrated associations between gestational age and eyeball AP diameter (right R2 = 0.80; left R2 = 0.79), lens AP diameter (right R2 = 0.44; left R2 = 0.42), and vitreous body AP diameter (right R2 = 0.80; left R2 = 0.81). Similar associations were observed with biparietal diameter (all p < 0.001). Gestational age-specific nomograms and percentile tables are presented.
CONCLUSIONS: Gestational age-specific nomograms for fetal eyeball depth and intraocular measurements are provided and may support objective prenatal assessment of fetal ocular growth.