Development and Validation of an Eco-Friendly SUPRAS-Based Microextraction Method for the Determination of Pyrethroids in Water and Fortified Vegetable Samples: Greenness Evaluation Using Analytical Eco-Scale Score.

An environmentally benign dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction method based on supramolecular solvent (SUPRAS) was investigated for three pyrethroids i.e., permethrin, cypermethrin & λ-cyhalothrin from water and fortified vegetable extracts followed by determination using HPLC with UV-detector. Various parameters affecting the supramolecular solvent (SUPRAS) formation and extraction of pyrethroids were optimized. The optimum conditions involved the use of 400 µL of 1-undecanol as an extraction solvent and 15% of tetrahydrofuran (THF) as a disperser solvent at pH 3.0. The precision was evaluated in terms of intra- and interday with RSD values from 2.3 to 7.2% and 3.1-6.8%, respectively. The accuracy obtained for selected pyrethroids were in the range of 83.1-93.4%. Good recoveries confirmed the successful microextraction of pesticides despite mild to medium matrix effects. Additionally, the method using SUPRAS microextraction was found an excellent and environmentally benign with Analytical Eco-Scale (AES) score greater than 75.