Frontiers in microbiology · 2026
Wolbachia infection and its effects on mitochondrial ND5 gene variation in Aedes albopictus from Shandong Province.
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Cai Tong, Liu Qiaoyi, Xu Ruoxi, Ma Zu, Liu Wenjie, Han Yingnan, Sun Qintong, Liu Yan, Cao Xinyue, Wu Taoyu, Zhao Tongyan, Yang Liping, Sun Wenkui, Zhang Hengduan, Wang Xuejun
Аннотация
INTRODUCTION: Wolbachia, a matrilineally inherited endosymbiont, has the potential to influence host mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) diversity through cytoplasmic hitchhiking and selective sweeps. Aedes albopictus naturally harbors Wolbachia, making it an ideal model for studying host-symbiont interactions. However, Wolbachia infection in Shandong Province and its effects on host mitochondrial ND5 gene remain poorly characterized.
METHODS: A total of 388 female Ae. albopictus were collected from 16 cities across 5 climatic zones in Shandong. Wolbachia infection was detected using wsp-based typing primers, and geographical distribution and climatic responses were analyzed. ND5 gene was amplified and sequenced. Haplotype networks, phylogenetic trees, and Wolbachia-ND5 association plots were constructed. Correlation analyses, neutrality tests, and AMOVA were performed to assess the associations between Wolbachia infection and ND5 genetic diversity.
RESULTS: The overall Wolbachia infection rate was 92.8%, with coinfection A&B as the dominant type (81.4%), followed by "wAlbB only" (6.2%) and "wAlbA only" (5.2%) infections. The infection rate varied notably among cities (61.5-100%) and climatic regions (77.6-98.7%). The overall infection and coinfection rates were negatively correlated with temperature, while the "wAlbA only" rate was positively correlated with precipitation. A total of 21 ND5 haplotypes, one wAlbA haplotype, and four wAlbB haplotypes were identified. Hap1 and Hap2, the ND5 haplotypes more closely associated to Wolbachia, were predominant and most broadly distributed among populations. Compared with the Wolbachia uninfected group, ND5 nucleotide diversity was reduced in the infected, "wAlbB only," and coinfection groups, while haplotype diversity was reduced in the "wAlbA only" group. Neutrality tests showed significantly negative Tajima's D and Fu's Fs for the infected and coinfection groups, suggesting recent population expansion or selective sweeps.
DISCUSSION: This study revealed a high Wolbachia prevalence in Shandong Ae. albopictus, with coinfection A&B dominant and notable regional heterogeneity. The low genetic diversity of both Wolbachia and ND5, combined with reduced diversity in infected groups and significant negative neutrality test values, supported Wolbachia-associated selective sweeps on host mtDNA, although findings for the "wAlbA only" group should be interpreted cautiously due to low sample size. This study provided opportunities to better understand host-symbiont interactions, showing potential value for vector monitoring and control.
METHODS: A total of 388 female Ae. albopictus were collected from 16 cities across 5 climatic zones in Shandong. Wolbachia infection was detected using wsp-based typing primers, and geographical distribution and climatic responses were analyzed. ND5 gene was amplified and sequenced. Haplotype networks, phylogenetic trees, and Wolbachia-ND5 association plots were constructed. Correlation analyses, neutrality tests, and AMOVA were performed to assess the associations between Wolbachia infection and ND5 genetic diversity.
RESULTS: The overall Wolbachia infection rate was 92.8%, with coinfection A&B as the dominant type (81.4%), followed by "wAlbB only" (6.2%) and "wAlbA only" (5.2%) infections. The infection rate varied notably among cities (61.5-100%) and climatic regions (77.6-98.7%). The overall infection and coinfection rates were negatively correlated with temperature, while the "wAlbA only" rate was positively correlated with precipitation. A total of 21 ND5 haplotypes, one wAlbA haplotype, and four wAlbB haplotypes were identified. Hap1 and Hap2, the ND5 haplotypes more closely associated to Wolbachia, were predominant and most broadly distributed among populations. Compared with the Wolbachia uninfected group, ND5 nucleotide diversity was reduced in the infected, "wAlbB only," and coinfection groups, while haplotype diversity was reduced in the "wAlbA only" group. Neutrality tests showed significantly negative Tajima's D and Fu's Fs for the infected and coinfection groups, suggesting recent population expansion or selective sweeps.
DISCUSSION: This study revealed a high Wolbachia prevalence in Shandong Ae. albopictus, with coinfection A&B dominant and notable regional heterogeneity. The low genetic diversity of both Wolbachia and ND5, combined with reduced diversity in infected groups and significant negative neutrality test values, supported Wolbachia-associated selective sweeps on host mtDNA, although findings for the "wAlbA only" group should be interpreted cautiously due to low sample size. This study provided opportunities to better understand host-symbiont interactions, showing potential value for vector monitoring and control.