ZnPc(Lys)5-mediated photodynamic inactivation and reduction of Candida albicans biofilm-associated cells in vitro and in vivo.

INTRODUCTION

Candida-associated stomatitis is a common oral mucosal condition, particularly among denture wearers, and is closely associated with persistent Candida albicans biofilms on denture surfaces. ZnPc(Lys)5 is an amphiphilic phthalocyanine-peptide nanomaterial that has previously been shown to form nanoscale supramolecular assemblies in aqueous environments. This study evaluated the efficacy of ZnPc(Lys)5-mediated antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) in reducing denture-associated Candida biofilms and alleviating associated mucosal inflammation.

METHODS

Candida albicans suspensions were cultured in vitro, and biofilms were formed on polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), a common denture base material. The antifungal effects of different concentrations of ZnPc(Lys)5 combined with aPDT were assessed against both planktonic Candida and biofilms. Biofilm structural changes were observed by scanning electron microscopy, and the effects on PMMA physical properties (microhardness [HV] and surface roughness [Ra]) were analyzed. Additionally, a mouse model of Candida-associated stomatitis was used to evaluate the in vivo anti-inflammatory and antifungal efficacy of ZnPc(Lys)5-aPDT following repeated applications (three treatments over 5 days).

RESULTS

ZnPc(Lys)5-mediated aPDT exerted a significant concentration-dependent fungicidal effect on planktonic C. albicans, with a minimum effective concentration (MEC) of 25 μM and no observed dark toxicity. Against mature biofilms, the 50 μM aPDT treatment achieved a reduction of approximately 96% in recoverable viable biofilm-associated cells (P < 0.0001), which was comparable to the efficacy of the commercial cleanser Polident (P > 0.05). Scanning electron microscopy confirmed significant disruption of biofilm architecture, while no significant alterations in PMMA microhardness or surface roughness were observed (P > 0.05). In vivo, repeated applications of ZnPc(Lys)5-aPDT significantly reduced epithelial hyperplasia and inflammatory infiltration, demonstrating therapeutic efficacy comparable to nystatin.

CONCLUSION

ZnPc(Lys)5-aPDT demonstrated significant antifungal activity in vitro and in vivo without compromising PMMA integrity. These findings support ZnPc(Lys)5 as a promising photosensitizer for denture-surface biofilm control and mucosal inflammation mitigation, warranting further investigation under extended or multi-session clinical protocols.