Scaffolded Affordances and the Emergence of Affordance Ecologies in Artificial Systems.

A central challenge in artificial life concerns how agents engage with open-ended spaces of action possibilities, or affordances, whose full extent cannot be specified in advance. Classical arguments suggest that artificial systems are limited in this regard, as they operate within predefined state and action spaces, unlike biological organisms that continually generate new affordances. This paper revisits this limitation in light of recent developments in artificial intelligence. We argue that contemporary artificial agents increasingly operate within environments whose interfaces and infrastructures help structure the relations through which action possibilities become accessible. To capture this phenomenon, we introduce the concept of scaffolded affordances: actionable possibilities encoded in interfaces connecting agents to distributed resources. We develop a taxonomy of affordance engagement-possession, access, and orchestration-and a minimal formal model in which affordances arise from agent-environment interaction. Within this framework, agents need not enumerate all possible actions internally, but may instead navigate and coordinate affordance relations scaffolded by their environments. We argue that such systems operate within affordance ecologies, where the space of actionable possibilities is shaped by evolving environments. This perspective suggests that artificial systems may approximate aspects of open-ended agency through the expansion and reconfiguration of their environments, providing a bridge between ecological theories of affordances and artificial life research on open-ended behaviour.