Genetically modified crops in Africa: progress, challenges, and future prospects.

Genetically modified (GM) crops represent a promising solution to address the challenges of food security and economic growth in Africa. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the current state of GM crop adoption in Africa, highlighting the achievements, obstacles, and prospects. Case studies from nine African countries, namely South Africa, Burkina Faso, Sudan, Egypt, Kenya, Ethiopia, Nigeria, Uganda, and Ghana, illustrate the diverse approaches and outcomes of GM crop cultivation in different African contexts. Key factors influencing adoption include biosafety regulation, institutional capacity, public perception, seed systems, market considerations, stakeholder engagement, and regional policy coordination. The review also highlights the potential of emerging technologies, including genome editing and gene stacking, for developing climate-resilient and nutritionally improved crops. To fully realize the potential of GM technology in Africa, stakeholders must collaborate to establish consistent, science-based regulatory frameworks, raise public awareness, foster public-private partnerships, support farmer-oriented research, and strengthen regional coordination.