Biomass DNA: An Emerging Building Block for Advanced Materials.

Since the structural discovery of DNA's double helix, it transitioned from a genetic carrier to a cornerstone of programmable nanotechnology and materials science. However, while synthetic DNA with predesigned sequences has dominated DNA-based materials, biomass DNA, naturally derived from bulk biological resources, has emerged as a powerful large-scale engineering material. This review outlines biomass DNA-derived materials and their multifunctional applications, framed as a "Biomass DNA Tree," representing biomass resources as roots, duplexes as stems, and advanced materials as leaves. For example, we examine the transformation of biomass DNA into sophisticated 3D-crosslinked hydrogel matrices for (bio)engineering, and their further processing into recyclable bioplastics, which supports carbon neutrality. Furthermore, we highlight biomass DNA organogels and fibers, as well as its utilization for energy storage, including supercapacitors, batteries, and interphase layers. Beyond these core areas, the review highlights breakthroughs applying DNA as functional materials for catalysis, soft robotics, OLEDs, medical patches, neuromorphic devices, and photoconductors. By addressing challenges and providing perspectives on future opportunities, this review aims to catalyze the next generation of materials science, emphasizing the role of biomass DNA in advancing biopolymer-based applications.