Epigenetic and metabolic plasticity of tumor cells in immunotherapy resistance.

Cancer immunotherapy has demonstrated remarkable efficacy across multiple tumor types. Despite their significant clinical benefits, most patients with solid tumors remain refractory to immunotherapy, and initial responders frequently develop acquired resistance. Tumor plasticity is a key driver of resistance to cancer immunotherapy. In this review, we discuss how epigenetic and metabolic plasticity of tumor contributes to immunotherapy resistance and highlight emerging strategies targeting these programs to overcome resistance and improve clinical outcomes.